Directory coverage
Houses grouped by crypto entity type
Four types hold the 28 houses. Counts are directory coverage, not a ranking.
chainscore.net
AML
chainscore.net
AML
Directory
28 entities · 51 service rows,
quoted from data/crypto_asset_service_providers.csv.
Listing is directory coverage, not an endorsement and not a licence grant.
The product landing keeps a coverage card; the houses, rails overlay
and industry terms live here.
Directory coverage
Four types hold the 28 houses. Counts are directory coverage, not a ranking.
Existing banking or brokerage franchise with a crypto product line (spot, custody, tokenization, or in-app trading).
21 entities · 39 services
Crypto-first bank under a banking licence (FINMA digital-asset banks in this directory).
2 entities · 6 services
Swiss private-bank Lombard or a SO-FIT arranger of bank Lombard. Not a crypto-native cash-advance desk.
2 entities · 3 services
Non-bank credit: NMLS lender or CIMA-registered VASP. Not a bank.
3 entities · 3 services
Crypto Assets Services
Each row in the directory is one service kind. The icon is a family mark — the kind label is still the CSV head.
Lombard Lending
Multi-signature Lending
Crypto Credit Lines
Secured Crypto Loans
Bitcoin-Backed Loans
Bitcoin-Native Lending
Crypto-Backed Loans
Crypto Lombard Loans
Stablecoin Support
Interbank Payments
Stablecoin Settlement
Crypto-Fiat Clearing
Tokenization Infrastructure
Blockchain Platforms
Tokenized Capital
Tokenized Asset Management
Tokenization Engine
Institutional Services
Institutional Custody
Asset Servicing
Collateral Management
Investment Vehicles
Institutional Liquidity
Wealth Management Access
Retail Trading
Exchange Products
Low-Cost Spot Access
App-Integrated Retail Trading
Retail crypto trading via Openbank (Grupo Santander digital bank)
SG-FORGE (regulated subsidiary)
Who the modules map against
Jump a house, then open one service. Long CSV cells (licence, jurisdictions, availability, requirements) sit behind those labels — they are quoted, not scored.
| Crypto-Asset Service Provider Entity | House identity on the card and in the jump row. |
|---|---|
| Crypto entity type | Four types — the cards above jump to that group. |
| License type | Published booking licence, quoted, behind the house details. |
| Jurisdictions | Authorised footprint, quoted, behind the house details. |
| Crypto Assets Services | One service block per kind. The kind label is the CSV head. |
| Service Availability in Coutries | Where that service is offered, behind the service details. |
| Requierments | Named gates for that row. The chip says whether KYC, AML or sanctions are named. |
| Specialty/Focus areas | Published product line for that service, on the service block. |
| Crypto Adoption Score | Strategy index percentage or not in index — not an AML score. |
21 entities · 39 services
Fidelity Investments
Traditional bank / broker
71%
Strategy index
4 services · 2 name KYC / AML / sanctions
License type. Fidelity Digital Assets, National Association (US national trust bank); Fidelity Digital Assets, Ltd. (FCA-registered).
Jurisdictions. United States (retail Fidelity Crypto, FBTC, FIDD). United Kingdom and European institutional clients via Fidelity Digital Assets, Ltd. Fidelity Crypto is not offered to non-US residents.
Crypto Adoption Score. 71% · Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (public information as of 10 Jul 2026; approximate; Strategy has not published the scoring methodology). Not an AML score.
Retail spot crypto brokerage via the Fidelity Crypto mobile app (US taxable accounts).
Direct retail cryptocurrency investing via the Fidelity Crypto mobile app.
Wallet Screening
Cross-chain Wallet
Address Verification
Transaction Screening
Transfer Exposure
Policy Studio
Investigations & Filing
Research
Service Availability in Coutries. United States only (all 50 states for taxable Fidelity Crypto accounts). Not offered to non-US residents or internationally. Crypto IRAs currently unavailable in California and Oregon; some assets (e.g. Solana) may be restricted in Oregon.
Requierments. US citizen; age 18+; primary residence in a Fidelity Crypto-served state. Must pass identity verification / KYC. Moving to an unsupported jurisdiction can restrict or close the account. Crypto is not FDIC- or SIPC-insured. Offered by Fidelity Digital Assets, National Association (national trust bank).
Institutional digital-asset custody, execution and settlement through Fidelity Digital Assets.
Institutional-grade custody, execution, and settlement infrastructure through Fidelity Digital Assets.
Wallet Screening
Cross-chain Wallet
Address Verification
Entity & Cluster Intelligence
VASP Diligence
Policy Studio
Monitoring & Alerts
Investigations & Filing
Service Availability in Coutries. United States (Fidelity Digital Assets, N.A.); United Kingdom and European institutional clients via Fidelity Digital Assets, Ltd. (FCA-registered). OCC filing states the bank targets retail in the US and institutions in the US and certain other countries. Canada historically limited (e.g. Fidelity Clearing Canada as a designated client).
Requierments. Institutional clients only (hedge funds, family offices, asset managers, RIAs, market intermediaries). Full KYC/AML onboarding. UK/EU clients served by FDA Ltd under UK Money Laundering Regulations; CARF/CRS self-certification required for FDA Ltd clients from 2026. FOS/FSCS do not cover FDA Ltd cryptoasset activities.
KYC / AML / sanctions not named in this row
Spot bitcoin ETP issuance (FBTC) with Fidelity Digital Assets as primary custodian.
Issuance of the Fidelity Wise Origin Bitcoin Fund (FBTC) spot ETF, acting as its own primary custodian.
Service Availability in Coutries. United States (Cboe BZX ticker FBTC). Prospectus: shares are not registered for public sale in any jurisdiction other than the US. Separate products exist elsewhere (Fidelity Advantage Bitcoin ETF / FBTC.TO in Canada; Fidelity Physical Bitcoin ETP for professional investors in AT, DE, DK, FI, IT, LU, NO, ES, SE, CH, NL, UK).
Requierments. US brokerage account (Fidelity or other US brokers). Tradable in taxable brokerage and Traditional/Roth IRAs; generally not a designated 401(k) option unless a self-directed brokerage window allows ETPs. Standard brokerage commissions. High-risk / volatile commodity ETP; not 1940 Act registered. Bitcoin custody at Fidelity Digital Assets, N.A.
KYC / AML / sanctions not named in this row
USD stablecoin (FIDD) mint and redeem for eligible Fidelity Crypto / FDA clients; reserves at BNY.
Operational integrations utilizing stablecoins.
Service Availability in Coutries. United States (purchase/redeem $1 via Fidelity Crypto, Fidelity Crypto for Wealth Managers, and Fidelity Digital Assets in eligible states/territories). Also listed on selected exchanges (e.g. Bullish, Kraken) on Ethereum mainnet; transferable to any Ethereum address.
Requierments. Retail/advisor $1 mint-redeem: Fidelity Crypto or FDA account in a US state/territory where FIDD is offered. Institutional mint-redeem: contact FDA client service. FIDD issued by Fidelity Digital Assets, N.A.; reserves at BNY. Access subject to account eligibility. Not FDIC/SIPC-insured.
Directory cites [1], [2] — URLs are not in
data/crypto_asset_service_providers.csv.
BNY Mellon
Traditional bank / broker
46%
Strategy index
3 services · 3 name KYC / AML / sanctions
License type. US qualified custodian under the Investment Advisers Act; BNY SA/NV (Belgium) authorised 20 Jul 2026 as a MiCA Crypto-Asset Service Provider for custody/administration and transfer (NBB). UAE ADGM expansion is not live (subject to definitive agreements and regulatory approvals).
Jurisdictions. United States; Europe via BNY SA/NV (Belgium / MiCA). UAE ADGM is not a live booking centre.
Crypto Adoption Score. 46% · Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (public information as of 10 Jul 2026; approximate; Strategy has not published the scoring methodology). Not an AML score.
Qualified-custodian BTC and ETH wallets for select institutional clients, held with traditional portfolios.
Multi-asset digital wallet system allowing corporate clients to store Bitcoin (BTC) and Ether (ETH) alongside traditional portfolios.
Wallet Screening
Cross-chain Wallet
Address Verification
Entity & Cluster Intelligence
VASP Diligence
Monitoring & Alerts
Investigations & Filing
Service Availability in Coutries. United States (live since Oct 2022 for select institutional clients). Europe: BNY SA/NV (Belgium) authorised 20 Jul 2026 as a MiCA Crypto-Asset Service Provider for custody/administration and transfer (NBB). UAE: expanding into ADGM (Abu Dhabi) via Finstreet and ADI Foundation for BTC/ETH custody, subject to definitive agreements and regulatory approvals.
Requierments. Select institutional clients only (corporates, funds, RIAs) — not retail. Existing or new BNY custody relationship; KYC/AML/sanctions screening; organisational documents and beneficial-ownership diligence. BNY is a qualified custodian under the US Investment Advisers Act. Currently BTC and ETH; assets accepted at custodian’s discretion. Sanctioned persons/jurisdictions prohibited.
Directory cites [1] — URLs are not in
data/crypto_asset_service_providers.csv.
Institutional on-chain reporting, accounting and settlement for digital-asset books.
Consolidated on-chain data reporting, accounting, and transaction settlement tools.
Service Availability in Coutries. United States institutional franchise; European servicing via BNY SA/NV (MiCA custody/transfer). Availability outside live booking centres is relationship- and jurisdiction-dependent.
Requierments. Institutional custody/asset-servicing clients only. Contractual custody agreement; KYC/AML; qualified-custodian / bank-grade controls. Not offered as a standalone retail product.
Directory cites [1] — URLs are not in
data/crypto_asset_service_providers.csv.
Books-and-records / tokenization manager for mirrored money-market fund shares (LiquidityDirect + GS DAP).
Operational linkage via LiquidityDirect to external private blockchains to manage tokenized versions of money-market funds.
Service Availability in Coutries. United States institutional (first US mirrored-tokenisation of MMF shares via LiquidityDirect + GS DAP). BNY states the product/services may not be available in all locations; confirm with a BNY relationship manager. Participating managers at launch: BlackRock, BNY Investments Dreyfus, Federated Hermes, Fidelity, Goldman Sachs AM.
Requierments. Institutional LiquidityDirect clients. Subscribe/redeem tokenized (mirror) MMF share classes through LiquidityDirect; BNY remains official books-and-records agent and tokenization manager. Phase one uses Goldman Sachs’ private permissioned GS DAP. Standard institutional KYC and fund eligibility (typically qualified institutional buyers / professional clients).
Directory cites [1] — URLs are not in
data/crypto_asset_service_providers.csv.
Goldman Sachs
Traditional bank / broker
45%
Strategy index
3 services · 1 name KYC / AML / sanctions
License type. Operates within Goldman Sachs registrations (SEC, FCA, MAS and others). No public self-serve onboarding; GS DAP is permissioned capital-markets DLT.
Jurisdictions. Institutional, jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction. Live capital-markets use cases concentrated in the EU, Hong Kong and Switzerland; STBXX and NEOS bitcoin-income ETFs are United States. Features may not be available in all jurisdictions.
Crypto Adoption Score. 45% · Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (public information as of 10 Jul 2026; approximate; Strategy has not published the scoring methodology). Not an AML score.
KYC / AML / sanctions not named in this row
Permissioned capital-markets DLT (GS DAP) for tokenized bonds and other wholesale instruments.
Proprietary GS DAP private blockchain network built for tokenizing real-world financial instruments.
Service Availability in Coutries. Institutional, jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction. Live capital-markets use cases concentrated in the EU (e.g. EIB digital bonds), Hong Kong (HKMA digital green bond), and Switzerland (e.g. City of Lugano). Goldman states features may not be available in all jurisdictions. Operates within GS registrations (SEC, FCA, MAS and others).
Requierments. Existing Goldman Sachs institutional relationship (sovereigns, supranationals, investment-grade corporates, asset managers, banks). No public self-serve onboarding. Access subject to legal review, internal approvals, documentation, and technical integration. Same compliance, surveillance and reporting as GS traditional capital-markets activity. Local securities/DLT rules apply (e.g. EU DLT Pilot Regime, Swiss DLT Act).
KYC / AML / sanctions not named in this row
Institutional stablecoin-reserve money market (STBXX); NEOS bitcoin-income ETFs pending close (early 2027).
Capital liquidity tracking via a dedicated Stablecoin Reserves Fund and acquisition of NEOS to support derivatives-based bitcoin income products.
Service Availability in Coutries. Stablecoin Reserves Fund (STBXX): United States and certain US territories only; offered to US persons. NEOS bitcoin income ETFs (e.g. BTCI): US-listed; Goldman’s acquisition of NEOS expected to close early 2027 pending regulatory approval.
Requierments. STBXX: US persons; Institutional share class; intended primarily as GENIUS Act-eligible reserve assets for payment-stablecoin issuers (cash, T-bills ≤93 days, overnight Treasury repo). Does not invest in stablecoins. Money-market risks apply (not FDIC-insured). NEOS BTCI: US brokerage account; options-based bitcoin ETP (not spot bitcoin); high volatility and distribution risk; acquisition not yet closed.
Tokenized money-market subscription and redemption rails with participating asset managers.
Cross-enterprise fund settlement and subscription structures partnered with major global asset managers.
Service Availability in Coutries. United States institutional via BNY LiquidityDirect connectivity to GS DAP (mirrored tokenized MMF shares). Same location caveats as BNY’s tokenized-MMF product.
Requierments. Institutional investors with LiquidityDirect access and eligibility for the underlying US money-market funds. Existing relationships with participating managers (BlackRock, Dreyfus, Federated Hermes, Fidelity, GSAM). KYC/AML; professional/institutional client classification.
Directory cites [1], [2], [3] — URLs are not in
data/crypto_asset_service_providers.csv.
JPMorgan Chase
Traditional bank / broker
43%
Strategy index
3 services · 2 name KYC / AML / sanctions
License type. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and/or J.P. Morgan SE. Wholesale bank products (Kinexys / Blockchain Deposit Accounts; MONY private placement). Not a public retail Crypto-Asset Service Provider.
Jurisdictions. United States; EMEA — Luxembourg, London, Frankfurt, Dublin, Amsterdam; APAC — Hong Kong, Singapore, Sydney. MONY is United States private placement (Reg D 506(c)) only.
Crypto Adoption Score. 43% · Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (public information as of 10 Jul 2026; approximate; Strategy has not published the scoring methodology). Not an AML score.
Wholesale deposit-token payments (Kinexys Digital Payments / JPM Coin Blockchain Deposit Accounts).
Private blockchain network handling internal high-volume global cash settlements.
Service Availability in Coutries. Kinexys Digital Payments (formerly JPM Coin) Blockchain Deposit Accounts: United States; EMEA — Luxembourg, London, Frankfurt, Dublin, Amsterdam; APAC — Hong Kong, Singapore, Sydney. Currencies include USD, EUR, GBP, AUD, HKD, JPY, RMB, SGD. BDA booking locations: New York (JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.) and/or Frankfurt (J.P. Morgan SE).
Requierments. Corporate Investment Banking and Commercial Banking clients only (CB availability limited). Must hold a USD and/or EUR J.P. Morgan demand deposit account in an approved funding location; open a Blockchain Deposit Account; complete Global Payments API onboarding. Authorised-signatory documentation and bank KYC/AML. Not a retail/public product. API access to BDAs in EUR/USD currently NY and/or Frankfurt.
KYC / AML / sanctions not named in this row
Private tokenized money-market fund (MONY) on public Ethereum via Morgan Money.
Live tokenized money market fund allocations designed for rapid, automated cross-border institutional collateral usage.
Service Availability in Coutries. United States private placement (Reg D 506(c)). My OnChain Net Yield Fund (MONY) tokens issued on public Ethereum; subscriptions/redemptions via Morgan Money. Not registered for public sale outside the US.
Requierments. Qualified investors only: US Accredited Investors (Securities Act) and Qualified Purchasers (Investment Company Act). Reported minimum investment about $1 million; QP thresholds typically $5 million (individuals) / $25 million (institutions). Access exclusively through Morgan Money. Subscribe/redeem in cash or stablecoins; investor must provide a blockchain address. High-risk private fund; not a 1940 Act money-market fund.
Wholesale programmable payments / deposit tokens (including JPMD) — not a public retail stablecoin.
Internal institutional settlement capabilities deploying private stablecoin mechanisms.
Service Availability in Coutries. Same Kinexys network as interbank payments (US, selected EMEA and APAC booking centres). Deposit-token / programmable-payment rails (including JPMD) are wholesale, not public stablecoins.
Requierments. J.P. Morgan CIB/CB institutional clients with a Blockchain Deposit Account and approved DDA. Bank KYC/AML, sanctions screening, and product documentation. Not available to retail customers or non-clients.
Directory cites [1], [2] — URLs are not in
data/crypto_asset_service_providers.csv.
Morgan Stanley
Traditional bank / broker
43%
Strategy index
1 service · 1 name KYC / AML / sanctions
License type. US wealth-management / broker-dealer distribution of US-listed spot bitcoin ETFs; E*TRADE closed-loop spot via zerohash. Morgan Stanley Bitcoin Trust shares are not registered for public sale outside the US.
Jurisdictions. United States.
Crypto Adoption Score. 43% · Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (public information as of 10 Jul 2026; approximate; Strategy has not published the scoring methodology). Not an AML score.
Advisor-solicited US spot bitcoin ETFs for eligible wealth clients; E*TRADE closed-loop spot via zerohash.
Discretionary advisor access to spot Bitcoin ETFs, enabling qualified private wealth clients to integrate crypto exposures directly into regular brokerage accounts.
Wallet Screening
Cross-chain Wallet
Address Verification
Entity & Cluster Intelligence
VASP Diligence
Policy Studio
Investigations & Filing
Research
Service Availability in Coutries. United States. Morgan Stanley wealth advisors may solicit eligible clients into US-listed spot bitcoin ETFs (initially iShares Bitcoin Trust and Fidelity Wise Origin Bitcoin Fund). Morgan Stanley Bitcoin Trust (MSBT) shares are not registered for public sale outside the US. Separate E*TRADE spot crypto (BTC, ETH, SOL via zerohash) is US-based only.
Requierments. Wealth Management: typically net worth ≥ $1.5 million, aggressive risk tolerance, and suitability for speculative investments; originally taxable brokerage (not retirement) for solicited ETF purchases. E*TRADE: US-based client; individual brokerage account plus a linked non-brokerage zerohash crypto account; KYC; no crypto deposits/withdrawals at launch. Crypto at zerohash is not FDIC- or SIPC-protected. Galaxy in-kind ETP conversion: high-net-worth; reduced minimum about $5 million.
Citigroup
Traditional bank / broker
43%
Strategy index
1 service · 1 name KYC / AML / sanctions
License type. Bank-operated Citi Token Services on a private permissioned blockchain. Not a retail crypto-trading product.
Jurisdictions. Citi Token Services live in United States, United Kingdom, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Dublin (Ireland).
Crypto Adoption Score. 43% · Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (public information as of 10 Jul 2026; approximate; Strategy has not published the scoring methodology). Not an AML score.
Bank-operated Citi Token Services (tokenized deposits / 24/7 USD clearing) and selected trade-finance pilots.
Cross-border smart contract networks built to manage institutional liquidity and automate trade finance procedures.
Service Availability in Coutries. Citi Token Services live in United States, United Kingdom, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Dublin (Ireland). USD live; EUR added with the Dublin expansion. 24/7 USD Clearing integration initially for clients with Citi accounts in the UK and US; Citi has licenses in 90+ countries and plans further CTS market expansion.
Requierments. Institutional and multinational corporate Citi clients with accounts at live CTS branches. Clients do not hold or manage tokens; Citi operates a private permissioned blockchain. Existing Citi KYC/AML and sanctions controls. Not a retail crypto-trading product. Trade-finance (smart-contract) flows have been piloted with selected counterparties.
Directory cites [1], [2] — URLs are not in
data/crypto_asset_service_providers.csv.
Charles Schwab
Traditional bank / broker
32%
Strategy index
1 service · 0 name KYC / AML / sanctions
License type. Charles Schwab Premier Bank, SSB; Paxos for execution and sub-custody.
Jurisdictions. United States: all states except New York and Louisiana. Not available in any US territory or any international jurisdiction.
Crypto Adoption Score. 32% · Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (public information as of 10 Jul 2026; approximate; Strategy has not published the scoring methodology). Not an AML score.
KYC / AML / sanctions not named in this row
Closed-loop retail bitcoin and ether inside a Schwab brokerage account (Paxos execution / sub-custody).
Low-commission retail cryptocurrency trading, offering direct Bitcoin and Ether transaction access to everyday brokerage clients.
Wallet Screening
Cross-chain Wallet
Address Verification
Transaction Screening
Transfer Exposure
Policy Studio
Investigations & Filing
Service Availability in Coutries. United States: all states except New York and Louisiana. Not available in any US territory or any international jurisdiction. Accounts may be restricted or closed if the client moves to an unsupported jurisdiction.
Requierments. Existing eligible Schwab brokerage account; Schwab Crypto account offered by Charles Schwab Premier Bank, SSB (Paxos for execution/sub-custody). Application subject to bank review and approval — not all clients qualify. Bitcoin and ether only at launch; no crypto deposits or withdrawals (closed loop). Stated trading fee 0.75%. Crypto is not FDIC-insured or SIPC-protected.
Directory cites [1] — URLs are not in
data/crypto_asset_service_providers.csv.
RAKBANK & ADCB (UAE Regional Context)
Traditional bank / broker
Not in index
Not in index
1 service · 1 name KYC / AML / sanctions
License type. Not a bank CASP licence. UAE onshore banks introducing retail crypto via VARA-licensed VASPs: Bitpanda Broker MENA DMCC (RAKBANK) and Morpheus Technology / Fuze (ADCB Securities).
Jurisdictions. United Arab Emirates only (onshore UAE banking customers).
Crypto Adoption Score. Not in Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (Jul 2026 25-bank G-SIB / large-AUM sample). Documented live stack: UAE onshore bank apps introducing retail crypto via VARA-licensed VASPs (Bitpanda Broker MENA / Fuze); closed-loop fiat on-ramp, not a bank CASP licence.. Not an AML score.
UAE bank-app retail buy/sell/swap via VARA-licensed VASPs (Bitpanda / Fuze); closed-loop AED accounts.
Direct in-app crypto trading platform (powered by integrations like Bitpanda and Fuze) allowing local customers to buy, sell, and swap digital assets natively using fiat AED accounts.
Wallet Screening
Cross-chain Wallet
Address Verification
Transaction Screening
Transfer Exposure
Entity & Cluster Intelligence
VASP Diligence
Policy Studio
Investigations & Filing
Research
Service Availability in Coutries. United Arab Emirates only (onshore UAE banking customers). Execution/custody via VARA-licensed VASPs: Bitpanda Broker MENA DMCC (RAKBANK) and Morpheus Technology / Fuze (ADCB Securities).
Requierments. RAKBANK: age 21+; UAE resident; minimum monthly salary/declared income AED 5,000+; active conventional RAKBANK AED current or savings account (Islamic accounts cannot be linked per the product page); Emirates ID scan; Bitpanda KYC/onboarding. Crypto investment limits by segment (retail AED 240,000; Select AED 576,000; Elite AED 6,000,000) with documented limit-increase requests. ADCB: existing active ADCB Securities customer; AED account only; FacePass onboarding; ADCB Securities acts only as introducer — trading/custody by Fuze (VARA). No external wallet transfers on either closed-loop app flow.
Directory cites [1], [2] — URLs are not in
data/crypto_asset_service_providers.csv.
Santander
Traditional bank / broker
35%
Strategy index
1 service · 1 name KYC / AML / sanctions
License type. OPEN BANK, S.A. is a MiCA Crypto-Asset Service Provider authorised by Spain’s CNMV (24 Jul 2025) for custody/administration and execution of orders.
Jurisdictions. Spain and Germany (live). Broader EU passport is legally possible but not yet notified beyond ES and DE.
Crypto Adoption Score. 35% · Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (public information as of 10 Jul 2026; approximate; Strategy has not published the scoring methodology). Not an AML score.
MiCA retail in-app buy, sell and hold at Openbank (Spain and Germany); closed-loop custody.
buy, sell and hold major cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Ether, Litecoin, Polygon, Cardano; Solana and Polkadot added) inside the banking app, funded in EUR, with in-app custody.
Wallet Screening
Cross-chain Wallet
Address Verification
Transaction Screening
Transfer Exposure
Policy Studio
Investigations & Filing
Research
Service Availability in Coutries. Spain and Germany (live). OPEN BANK, S.A. is a MiCA Crypto-Asset Service Provider authorised by Spain’s CNMV (24 Jul 2025) for custody/administration and execution of orders; passported to those two member states. Broader EU passport is legally possible but not yet notified beyond ES and DE.
Requierments. Must be an Openbank customer in Spain or Germany (standard bank KYC; typically 18+). Closed-loop model: no external wallet deposits/withdrawals at launch. Stated fees 1.49% per buy/sell (€1 minimum); no custody fee. Supervised as a Crypto-Asset Service Provider under MiCA; investor-protection and complaints rules of the home regulator (CNMV) apply.
Société Générale
Traditional bank / broker
35%
Strategy index
1 service · 1 name KYC / AML / sanctions
License type. SG-FORGE is an ACPR-licensed EMI (stablecoin issuance) and AMF-authorised Crypto-Asset Service Provider/investment firm. MiCA CASP services: custody/administration, transfer, and execution of orders.
Jurisdictions. France (home). Crypto-Asset Service Provider passported across 29 EEA states. Not available to US Persons.
Crypto Adoption Score. 35% · Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (public information as of 10 Jul 2026; approximate; Strategy has not published the scoring methodology). Not an AML score.
MiCA EMT issuance (EURCV / USDCV) plus CASP custody, transfer and order execution for institutional settlement.
MiCA Crypto-Asset Service Provider services (custody/administration, transfer, and execution of orders) plus issuance of MiCA electronic-money tokens EUR CoinVertible (EURCV) and USD CoinVertible (USDCV) for institutional settlement, treasury, and on-chain payments. Also listed via exchanges and brokers for wider distribution.
Transaction Screening
Transfer Exposure
Entity & Cluster Intelligence
VASP Diligence
Investigations & Filing
Service Availability in Coutries. France (home). Crypto-Asset Service Provider passported across 29 EEA states (AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, EL, ES, FI, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LI, LT, LU, LV, MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, SK). EURCV/USDCV distributed on multiple chains (Ethereum, Solana, XRPL, Stellar) via exchanges/brokers in the EEA and other non-US markets. Not available to US Persons.
Requierments. Direct mint/redeem: Societe Generale Group KYC/AML/sanctions onboarding (historically address whitelisting; EURCV later made freely transferable as a MiCA EMT). Institutional, corporate and retail access via authorised brokers/exchanges; direct issuer redemption refused for non-Permitted Transferees. US Persons (Reg S / CEA / CFTC definitions) prohibited. SG-FORGE is an ACPR-licensed EMI (stablecoin issuance) and AMF-authorised Crypto-Asset Service Provider/investment firm.
DBS Bank
Traditional bank / broker
Not in index
Not in index
3 services · 3 name KYC / AML / sanctions
License type. DBS Bank Ltd is a bank licensed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore under the Banking Act. DBS Digital Exchange Pte. Ltd. is a MAS Recognised Market Operator for security tokens and digital payment tokens. DBS Digital Custody is a DBS Bank institutional safekeeping service. DBS Vickers' Payment Services Act Major Payment Institution licence is a separate brokerage entity and is not this row. DDEx DPT pages state the DPT service provider is exempted by MAS from holding a DPT licence. Not a retail self-serve CASP app.
Jurisdictions. Singapore. DDEx DPT pairs in SGD, USD, HKD and JPY; listed tokens BTC, ETH, BCH, DOT, ADA, XRP; USDC/USD only. Members: financial institutions, corporate accredited investors (including family offices) and professional market makers. Individuals access only through a member such as DBS Private Bank. Guardian workstreams and Swift SGD tokenised-deposit pilots are Singapore institutional trials.
Crypto Adoption Score. Not in Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (Jul 2026 25-bank G-SIB / large-AUM sample). Documented live stack: MAS-licensed bank; DDEx MAS RMO (DPT pairs SGD/USD/HKD/JPY; BTC ETH BCH DOT ADA XRP USDC); DBS Digital Custody; Project Guardian digital bonds / tokenised deposits; Swift SGD tokenised-deposit pilot with OCBC and UOB (10 Sep 2026). Not an AML score.
Project Guardian digital-bond issuance and tokenised bond / deposit financing (MAS 2024 annex).
Native issuance of digital bonds financed with a repo facility; buying, selling, and secured borrowing and lending of tokenised bonds and deposits under MAS Project Guardian.
Service Availability in Coutries. Singapore Project Guardian workstream. Institutional counterparties in the MAS Industry Group trials. Not a public retail bond app.
Requierments. Existing DBS institutional or accredited-investor relationship. Full bank KYC, AML and sanctions screening. Guardian participation is an industry trial, not a walk-up product.
Directory cites [1], [2] — URLs are not in
data/crypto_asset_service_providers.csv.
MAS RMO exchange: DPT spot (BTC ETH BCH DOT ADA XRP USDC) and security-token listing / secondary trading.
DBS Digital Exchange (DDEx) members-only markets for digital payment tokens and security tokens under the Securities and Futures Act.
Service Availability in Coutries. Singapore. Separate admission for DPT markets and security-token markets. DPT pairs: BTC, ETH, BCH, DOT, ADA, XRP against SGD/USD/HKD/JPY as listed; USDC/USD. Members: FIs, corporate accredited investors and professional market makers. Individuals only via a member (for example DBS Private Bank).
Requierments. Member admission under the DDEx rulebooks. Accredited or institutional status. Bank and exchange KYC, AML and sanctions screening. Security tokens are distinct from DPTs; issuers are not subject to Part XIII SFA prospectus rules as disclosed by DBS. MAS DPT risk warning applies (provider exempted from a DPT licence).
Institutional digital-asset safekeeping (DBS Digital Custody official page).
DBS Digital Custody — institutional-grade safekeeping of digital assets on the bank's published tokenise / trade / custody stack.
Wallet Screening
Cross-chain Wallet
Address Verification
Entity & Cluster Intelligence
VASP Diligence
Monitoring & Alerts
Investigations & Filing
Service Availability in Coutries. Singapore institutional and corporate clients of DBS Bank / DDEx. Contact via DBS Business Care. Not a retail self-custody wallet.
Requierments. Existing DBS institutional or corporate relationship. Full bank KYC, AML and sanctions screening. Confirm live asset list and contractual terms with DBS; the public page points to the Digital Custody factsheet.
OCBC Bank
Traditional bank / broker
Not in index
Not in index
3 services · 3 name KYC / AML / sanctions
License type. Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation Limited is a bank licensed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore under the Banking Act. Tokenised-bond distribution and the OCBC-LionGlobal Physical Gold Fund Token (GOLDX) are disclosed as MAS-regulated arrangements involving OCBC, Lion Global Investors and, for GOLDX, DigiFT. Not a public retail crypto-trading CASP.
Jurisdictions. Singapore. Bespoke tokenised bonds: corporate accredited investors (corporations with net assets exceeding S$10 million). GOLDX: institutional and accredited investors on Ethereum and Solana. Guardian FX workstream and Swift SGD tokenised-deposit pilots are institutional.
Crypto Adoption Score. Not in Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (Jul 2026 25-bank G-SIB / large-AUM sample). Documented live stack: MAS-licensed bank; Project Guardian FX settlement; commercial bespoke tokenised bonds for corporate AIs (6 Jan 2025); GOLDX tokenised gold fund with Lion Global and DigiFT (20 Apr 2026); Swift SGD tokenised deposits with DBS and UOB (10 Sep 2026). Not an AML score.
Guardian FX settlement and live SGD tokenised-deposit interbank on Swift's ledger.
Project Guardian cross-border FX settlement, plus live SGD tokenised-deposit transactions on Swift's ledger with DBS and UOB (10 Sep 2026).
Service Availability in Coutries. Singapore. Guardian FX workstream (institutional). Swift ledger SGD tokenised deposits: domestic interbank among DBS, OCBC and UOB as disclosed on 10 Sep 2026.
Requierments. Existing OCBC institutional relationship. Bank KYC, AML and sanctions screening. Sandbox or Swift-ledger participation is not a public retail onboarding product.
Directory cites [1], [2] — URLs are not in
data/crypto_asset_service_providers.csv.
Commercial tokenised bonds for corporate AIs; same-day mint-to-custody (OCBC 6 Jan 2025).
Bespoke tokenised bonds for corporate accredited investors on OCBC's asset tokenisation platform (creation, minting, transfer, custody, redemption). Official 6 January 2025 release.
Service Availability in Coutries. Singapore. Corporate accredited investors only (corporations with net assets exceeding S$10 million). Same-day settlement from debit of the bank account to the client's OCBC-custodied wallet, as disclosed.
Requierments. Corporate accredited-investor status under MAS criteria (net assets exceeding S$10 million). Existing OCBC relationship. Bank KYC, AML and sanctions screening. Wallet created and custodised with OCBC.
GOLDX tokenised gold fund on Ethereum and Solana (OCBC / Lion Global / DigiFT, 20 Apr 2026).
OCBC-LionGlobal Physical Gold Fund Token (GOLDX) — tokenised physical gold fund on Ethereum and Solana, structured by OCBC with Lion Global Investors and DigiFT (20 April 2026).
Service Availability in Coutries. Singapore. Institutional and accredited investors. Subscribe in stablecoins or fiat; tokens delivered to the investor's blockchain wallet; redeemable for stablecoins or fiat as disclosed.
Requierments. Institutional or accredited-investor status. KYC, AML and sanctions screening at the MAS-regulated entities named in the release (OCBC, Lion Global Investors, DigiFT). Not a retail walk-up gold token.
United Overseas Bank (UOB)
Traditional bank / broker
Not in index
Not in index
2 services · 2 name KYC / AML / sanctions
License type. United Overseas Bank Limited is a bank licensed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore under the Banking Act. Not a public retail crypto-trading CASP.
Jurisdictions. Singapore. Official Project Guardian Industry Group member. MAS names UOB on the Guardian Wholesale Network with Citi, HSBC, Schroders and Standard Chartered. HSBC / Marketnode / UOB piloted digital issuance of wealth products. Swift SGD tokenised-deposit transactions with DBS and OCBC (10 Sep 2026).
Crypto Adoption Score. Not in Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (Jul 2026 25-bank G-SIB / large-AUM sample). Documented live stack: MAS-licensed bank; Project Guardian Industry Group; Guardian Wholesale Network (MAS); HSBC/Marketnode/UOB wealth-product pilot; Swift SGD tokenised deposits with DBS and OCBC (10 Sep 2026). Not an AML score.
Guardian Industry Group and Wholesale Network; HSBC/Marketnode/UOB digital wealth-product pilot.
Official Project Guardian Industry Group member. MAS names UOB on the Guardian Wholesale Network. HSBC, Marketnode and UOB piloted fully digital issuance of wealth products.
Service Availability in Coutries. Singapore Project Guardian / Guardian Wholesale Network. Institutional counterparties. The HSBC-Marketnode-UOB wealth-product work is a disclosed pilot, not a public retail structured-product app.
Requierments. Existing UOB institutional relationship. Bank KYC, AML and sanctions screening. Industry-group or pilot membership is not a public tokenised-property product.
Live SGD tokenised-deposit interbank on Swift's ledger (10 Sep 2026).
Live SGD tokenised-deposit transactions on Swift's ledger with DBS and OCBC (10 September 2026 OCBC / industry release).
Service Availability in Coutries. Singapore. Domestic interbank tokenised-deposit transactions among DBS, OCBC and UOB as disclosed.
Requierments. Existing UOB institutional relationship. Bank KYC, AML and sanctions screening. Swift-ledger participation is not a public retail crypto exchange.
Deutsche Bank
Traditional bank / broker
22%
Strategy index
1 service · 1 name KYC / AML / sanctions
License type. Deutsche Bank AG is a credit institution supervised in the EU (ECB / BaFin). Singapore branch is licensed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore. Project DAMA / DAMA 2 is a published institutional tokenisation-and-servicing blueprint (Deutsche Bank, Memento Blockchain, Axelar / Interop Labs, 18 June 2025) — a proof of concept / litepaper, not a public retail CASP.
Jurisdictions. Singapore Project Guardian AWM workstream and DAMA blueprint. Home supervision in the EU. Features are relationship- and jurisdiction-dependent. Not a walk-up digital-fund desk.
Crypto Adoption Score. 22% · Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (public information as of 10 Jul 2026; approximate; Strategy has not published the scoring methodology). Not an AML score.
Guardian AWM servicing plus DAMA 2 tokenised-fund blueprint (db.com, 18 Jun 2025).
Project Guardian aggregation of investment servicing for tokenised or digital funds, and the published DAMA 2 blueprint for tokenised-fund servicing on an Ethereum Layer 2 (18 June 2025).
Service Availability in Coutries. Singapore institutional AWM counterparties in Guardian trials. DAMA 2 is a litepaper / blueprint, not a listed retail fund platform.
Requierments. Existing Deutsche Bank institutional relationship. Bank KYC, AML and sanctions screening. Guardian or DAMA participation is a testbed or blueprint, not a public onboarding product.
Directory cites [1], [2] — URLs are not in
data/crypto_asset_service_providers.csv.
Standard Chartered
Traditional bank / broker
28%
Strategy index
3 services · 3 name KYC / AML / sanctions
License type. Standard Chartered Bank is licensed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore under the Banking Act. Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong) Limited is an HKMA-licensed bank and an EnsembleTX Tokenised Deposit Bank. Institutional digital-asset custody is offered through Zodia Custody, a separate legal entity (Hong Kong TCSP TC009245 under AMLO; UK FCA Money Laundering Regulations registration; Luxembourg CSSF crypto-asset service provider). Zodia Custody (Singapore) Pte Ltd has notified MAS of an intent to apply for a Major Payment Institution licence and is not PSA-licensed on Zodia's published licence page. Standard Chartered has announced a proposed acquisition of Zodia's custody business, subject to regulatory approvals. Not a public retail crypto-trading CASP.
Jurisdictions. Singapore (Project Guardian Industry Group; MAS-licensed bank) and Hong Kong (EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank). Zodia custody booking: United Kingdom, Luxembourg, Hong Kong TCSP, ADGM (Tungsten Custody Solutions Ltd); Singapore entity is not PSA-licensed as of Zodia's licence page.
Crypto Adoption Score. 28% · Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (public information as of 10 Jul 2026; approximate; Strategy has not published the scoring methodology). Not an AML score.
HKMA EnsembleTX tokenised-deposit issuance and interbank settlement (Annex A, 13 Nov 2025).
EnsembleTX Tokenised Deposit Bank — provide tokenised deposits to Hong Kong customers and settle interbank tokenised-deposit transactions via EnsembleTX in a real-value setting.
Service Availability in Coutries. Hong Kong EnsembleTX pilot through 2026. Initial HKMA focus: tokenised deposits in tokenised money-market-fund transactions and real-time liquidity / treasury. Interbank settlement starts on the HKD RTGS system.
Requierments. Hong Kong customer of Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong) Limited. Bank KYC, AML and sanctions screening. EnsembleTX is a controlled HKMA pilot, not a public retail crypto exchange.
Directory cites [4], [5] — URLs are not in
data/crypto_asset_service_providers.csv.
Project Guardian Industry Group and Wholesale Network (MAS official lists).
Official Project Guardian Industry Group member. MAS also names Standard Chartered on the Guardian Wholesale Network.
Service Availability in Coutries. Singapore Project Guardian Industry Group and Guardian Wholesale Network. Institutional counterparties.
Requierments. Existing Standard Chartered institutional relationship. Bank KYC, AML and sanctions screening.
Zodia institutional custody (separate entity; HK TCSP TC009245; CSSF CASP; FCA MLR).
Digital-asset custody through Zodia Custody, a separate legal entity backed by Standard Chartered — not a Standard Chartered Bank CASP licence.
Wallet Screening
Cross-chain Wallet
Address Verification
Entity & Cluster Intelligence
VASP Diligence
Monitoring & Alerts
Investigations & Filing
Service Availability in Coutries. Institutional clients via Zodia entities: UK (FCA MLR registration), Luxembourg (CSSF CASP), Hong Kong (TCSP TC009245), ADGM (Tungsten Custody Solutions Ltd). Singapore entity is not PSA-licensed as of Zodia's licence page. Proposed integration into Standard Chartered's Financing and Securities Services is subject to regulatory approvals.
Requierments. Institutional Zodia / Standard Chartered relationship. KYC, AML and sanctions screening at the booking entity. Confirm the live legal entity before applying; Zodia Singapore is not an MPI on the published licence page.
HSBC
Traditional bank / broker
30%
Strategy index
3 services · 3 name KYC / AML / sanctions
License type. The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited is an HKMA-licensed bank, an EnsembleTX Tokenised Deposit Bank, and the issuer and product arranger of HSBC Gold Token. The SFC has authorised the issue of the Gold Token Principal Brochure; that authorisation is not a recommendation or endorsement. Also named on the official MAS Project Guardian Industry Group list. UK DSS Gate 2 (HSBC Orion) is a different legal entity and activity and is not this directory row. Not a public retail crypto-trading CASP.
Jurisdictions. Hong Kong: EnsembleTX Annex A and HSBC Gold Token (HSBC HK Investment Account and Hong Kong residential address; US persons / US address not eligible). Singapore: Project Guardian Industry Group. HSBC group pages also describe institutional tokenised gold in the UK. Tokenised-deposit settlement is a controlled HKMA pilot through 2026.
Crypto Adoption Score. 30% · Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (public information as of 10 Jul 2026; approximate; Strategy has not published the scoring methodology). Not an AML score.
EnsembleTX tokenised-deposit rails; first published live cross-bank EnsembleTX transaction.
EnsembleTX Tokenised Deposit Bank and published first live cross-bank EnsembleTX tokenised-deposit transaction.
Service Availability in Coutries. Hong Kong EnsembleTX pilot through 2026. Initial HKMA focus: tokenised deposits in tokenised money-market-fund transactions and real-time liquidity / treasury. Interbank settlement starts on the HKD RTGS system.
Requierments. Hong Kong customer of The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited. Bank KYC, AML and sanctions screening. EnsembleTX is a controlled HKMA pilot, not a public retail crypto exchange. DSS Gate 2 is not this row.
Directory cites [4], [5], [8] — URLs are not in
data/crypto_asset_service_providers.csv.
Project Guardian Industry Group and Wholesale Network (MAS official lists).
Official Project Guardian Industry Group member (Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation). MAS also names HSBC on the Guardian Wholesale Network.
Service Availability in Coutries. Singapore Project Guardian Industry Group and Guardian Wholesale Network.
Requierments. Existing HSBC institutional relationship. Bank KYC, AML and sanctions screening.
Retail tokenised vaulted gold (0.001 oz per token) via HSBC HK App / Online Banking.
HSBC Gold Token — digital token on HSBC's distributed ledger representing fractional ownership of 0.001 troy ounce of vaulted physical gold. Traded on HSBC HK App and Online Banking.
Service Availability in Coutries. Hong Kong retail: active HSBC HK Investment Account and Hong Kong residential address registered with the bank. US citizens, residents, taxpayers, nationals or persons with a US address are not eligible. Group pages also describe institutional tokenised gold in the UK. Investors cannot take delivery of the underlying gold.
Requierments. HSBC HK Investment Account; Hong Kong residential address; bank KYC, AML and sanctions screening. Read the SFC-authorised Principal Brochure (effective 4 February 2026). SFC authorisation is not a suitability endorsement. Not a spot cryptocurrency product.
Bank of East Asia (BEA)
Traditional bank / broker
Not in index
Not in index
1 service · 1 name KYC / AML / sanctions
License type. The Bank of East Asia, Limited is an authorized institution under the Banking Ordinance, supervised by the HKMA and an EnsembleTX Tokenised Deposit Bank (HKMA Annex A, 13 November 2025): provide tokenised deposits to customers in Hong Kong and settle interbank tokenised-deposit transactions via EnsembleTX in a real-value setting. Not a public retail crypto-trading CASP.
Jurisdictions. Hong Kong only for this row. Tokenised deposits for Hong Kong customers; interbank settlement via EnsembleTX, initially on the HKD RTGS system; pilot through 2026. HKMA's stated initial focus is tokenised deposits in tokenised money-market-fund transactions and real-time liquidity / treasury.
Crypto Adoption Score. Not in Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (Jul 2026 25-bank G-SIB / large-AUM sample). Documented live stack: HKMA authorized institution; EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank. Not an AML score.
HKMA EnsembleTX tokenised-deposit issuance and interbank settlement (Annex A, 13 Nov 2025).
EnsembleTX Tokenised Deposit Bank — tokenised deposits for Hong Kong customers and interbank settlement via EnsembleTX in a real-value setting.
Service Availability in Coutries. Hong Kong EnsembleTX pilot through 2026. Interbank settlement starts on the HKD RTGS system. Initial HKMA focus: tokenised money-market-fund cash legs and treasury / liquidity.
Requierments. Hong Kong customer of The Bank of East Asia, Limited. Bank KYC, AML and sanctions screening. EnsembleTX is a controlled HKMA pilot, not a public retail crypto exchange.
Directory cites [4], [5] — URLs are not in
data/crypto_asset_service_providers.csv.
Fubon Bank (Hong Kong)
Traditional bank / broker
Not in index
Not in index
1 service · 1 name KYC / AML / sanctions
License type. Fubon Bank (Hong Kong) Limited is an authorized institution under the Banking Ordinance, supervised by the HKMA and an EnsembleTX Tokenised Deposit Bank (HKMA Annex A, 13 November 2025): provide tokenised deposits to customers in Hong Kong and settle interbank tokenised-deposit transactions via EnsembleTX in a real-value setting. Not a public retail crypto-trading CASP.
Jurisdictions. Hong Kong only for this row. Tokenised deposits for Hong Kong customers; interbank settlement via EnsembleTX, initially on the HKD RTGS system; pilot through 2026. HKMA's stated initial focus is tokenised deposits in tokenised money-market-fund transactions and real-time liquidity / treasury.
Crypto Adoption Score. Not in Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (Jul 2026 25-bank G-SIB / large-AUM sample). Documented live stack: HKMA authorized institution; EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank. Not an AML score.
HKMA EnsembleTX tokenised-deposit issuance and interbank settlement (Annex A, 13 Nov 2025).
EnsembleTX Tokenised Deposit Bank — tokenised deposits for Hong Kong customers and interbank settlement via EnsembleTX in a real-value setting.
Service Availability in Coutries. Hong Kong EnsembleTX pilot through 2026. Interbank settlement starts on the HKD RTGS system. Initial HKMA focus: tokenised money-market-fund cash legs and treasury / liquidity.
Requierments. Hong Kong customer of Fubon Bank (Hong Kong) Limited. Bank KYC, AML and sanctions screening. EnsembleTX is a controlled HKMA pilot, not a public retail crypto exchange.
Directory cites [4], [5] — URLs are not in
data/crypto_asset_service_providers.csv.
Bank of China (Hong Kong)
Traditional bank / broker
Not in index
Not in index
1 service · 1 name KYC / AML / sanctions
License type. Bank of China (Hong Kong) Limited is an authorized institution under the Banking Ordinance, supervised by the HKMA and an EnsembleTX Tokenised Deposit Bank (HKMA Annex A, 13 November 2025): provide tokenised deposits to customers in Hong Kong and settle interbank tokenised-deposit transactions via EnsembleTX in a real-value setting. Not a public retail crypto-trading CASP.
Jurisdictions. Hong Kong only for this row. Tokenised deposits for Hong Kong customers; interbank settlement via EnsembleTX, initially on the HKD RTGS system; pilot through 2026. HKMA's stated initial focus is tokenised deposits in tokenised money-market-fund transactions and real-time liquidity / treasury.
Crypto Adoption Score. Not in Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (Jul 2026 25-bank G-SIB / large-AUM sample). Documented live stack: HKMA authorized institution; EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank. Not an AML score.
HKMA EnsembleTX tokenised-deposit issuance and interbank settlement (Annex A, 13 Nov 2025).
EnsembleTX Tokenised Deposit Bank — tokenised deposits for Hong Kong customers and interbank settlement via EnsembleTX in a real-value setting.
Service Availability in Coutries. Hong Kong EnsembleTX pilot through 2026. Interbank settlement starts on the HKD RTGS system. Initial HKMA focus: tokenised money-market-fund cash legs and treasury / liquidity.
Requierments. Hong Kong customer of Bank of China (Hong Kong) Limited. Bank KYC, AML and sanctions screening. EnsembleTX is a controlled HKMA pilot, not a public retail crypto exchange.
Directory cites [4], [5] — URLs are not in
data/crypto_asset_service_providers.csv.
China Construction Bank (Asia)
Traditional bank / broker
Not in index
Not in index
1 service · 1 name KYC / AML / sanctions
License type. China Construction Bank (Asia) Corporation Limited is an authorized institution under the Banking Ordinance, supervised by the HKMA and an EnsembleTX Tokenised Deposit Bank (HKMA Annex A, 13 November 2025): provide tokenised deposits to customers in Hong Kong and settle interbank tokenised-deposit transactions via EnsembleTX in a real-value setting. Not a public retail crypto-trading CASP.
Jurisdictions. Hong Kong only for this row. Tokenised deposits for Hong Kong customers; interbank settlement via EnsembleTX, initially on the HKD RTGS system; pilot through 2026. HKMA's stated initial focus is tokenised deposits in tokenised money-market-fund transactions and real-time liquidity / treasury.
Crypto Adoption Score. Not in Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (Jul 2026 25-bank G-SIB / large-AUM sample). Documented live stack: HKMA authorized institution; EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank. Not an AML score.
HKMA EnsembleTX tokenised-deposit issuance and interbank settlement (Annex A, 13 Nov 2025).
EnsembleTX Tokenised Deposit Bank — tokenised deposits for Hong Kong customers and interbank settlement via EnsembleTX in a real-value setting.
Service Availability in Coutries. Hong Kong EnsembleTX pilot through 2026. Interbank settlement starts on the HKD RTGS system. Initial HKMA focus: tokenised money-market-fund cash legs and treasury / liquidity.
Requierments. Hong Kong customer of China Construction Bank (Asia) Corporation Limited. Bank KYC, AML and sanctions screening. EnsembleTX is a controlled HKMA pilot, not a public retail crypto exchange.
Directory cites [4], [5] — URLs are not in
data/crypto_asset_service_providers.csv.
Fusion Bank
Traditional bank / broker
Not in index
Not in index
1 service · 1 name KYC / AML / sanctions
License type. Fusion Bank Limited is an HKMA-licensed virtual bank under the Banking Ordinance and an EnsembleTX Tokenised Deposit Bank (HKMA Annex A, 13 November 2025): provide tokenised deposits to customers in Hong Kong and settle interbank tokenised-deposit transactions via EnsembleTX in a real-value setting. Not a public retail crypto-trading CASP.
Jurisdictions. Hong Kong only for this row. Tokenised deposits for Hong Kong customers; interbank settlement via EnsembleTX, initially on the HKD RTGS system; pilot through 2026. HKMA's stated initial focus is tokenised deposits in tokenised money-market-fund transactions and real-time liquidity / treasury.
Crypto Adoption Score. Not in Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (Jul 2026 25-bank G-SIB / large-AUM sample). Documented live stack: HKMA-licensed virtual bank; EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank. Not an AML score.
HKMA EnsembleTX tokenised-deposit issuance and interbank settlement (Annex A, 13 Nov 2025).
EnsembleTX Tokenised Deposit Bank — tokenised deposits for Hong Kong customers and interbank settlement via EnsembleTX in a real-value setting.
Service Availability in Coutries. Hong Kong EnsembleTX pilot through 2026. Interbank settlement starts on the HKD RTGS system. Initial HKMA focus: tokenised money-market-fund cash legs and treasury / liquidity.
Requierments. Hong Kong customer of Fusion Bank Limited. Bank KYC, AML and sanctions screening. EnsembleTX is a controlled HKMA pilot, not a public retail crypto exchange.
Directory cites [4], [5] — URLs are not in
data/crypto_asset_service_providers.csv.
2 entities · 6 services
Sygnum Bank (Switzerland)
Digital-asset bank
Not in index
Not in index
5 services · 5 name KYC / AML / sanctions
License type. FINMA banking and securities-dealer licence; MAS Capital Markets Services licence; Luxembourg; UAE ADGM FSRA Financial Services Permission.
Jurisdictions. Switzerland, Singapore, Luxembourg, UAE ADGM. Does not onboard US persons or sanctioned-country persons. Cannot promote services where it is not locally authorised. Lending pages: products on sygnum.com are authorised in Switzerland.
Crypto Adoption Score. Not in Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (Jul 2026 25-bank G-SIB / large-AUM sample). Documented live stack: FINMA bank + MAS CMS + Luxembourg + ADGM FSRA; custody; 24/7 trading; staking; Sygnum Connect clearing; Sygnum Protect off-exchange collateral; Swiss DLT tokenization; live Lombard lending. MultiSYG announced H1 2026, not live.. Not an AML score.
24/7 qualified/institutional crypto–fiat–stablecoin clearing (Sygnum Connect).
24/7 settlement network (Sygnum Connect) facilitating fast clearing across multi-currency fiat, stablecoin, and crypto layers.
Transaction Screening
Transfer Exposure
Graph & Forensics
Entity & Cluster Intelligence
VASP Diligence
Monitoring & Alerts
Investigations & Filing
Service Availability in Coutries. Authorised hubs: Switzerland (FINMA banking and securities-dealer licence); Singapore (MAS Capital Markets Services licence); Luxembourg; UAE ADGM (FSRA Financial Services Permission). Serves professional/institutional clients internationally where authorised. Does not onboard US persons or sanctioned-country persons (including Russia, North Korea, Iran, Cuba, Syria). Cannot promote services in countries where it is not locally authorised.
Requierments. Not retail. Private qualified investors: typically ≥ CHF 100,000 deposit or trading volume; Swiss CISA qualified-investor status (knowledge plus liquid assets of at least CHF 500,000). Age 18+. Enhanced KYC, source-of-wealth and source-of-funds. Corporates/institutions by arrangement. US persons excluded (SEC/CFTC). Fiat accounts in CHF, EUR, USD, GBP, SGD.
Directory cites [1] — URLs are not in
data/crypto_asset_service_providers.csv.
Off-exchange collateral (Sygnum Protect) while clients trade on connected venues.
Sygnum Protect system allows users to execute trades across external exchanges while retaining asset collateral securely off-exchange.
Service Availability in Coutries. Same licensed footprints as Sygnum banking (Switzerland, Singapore, Luxembourg, UAE ADGM); international professional clients excluding US persons and sanctioned jurisdictions.
Requierments. Requires an onboarded Sygnum banking relationship (qualified private or institutional). Same KYC/AML, minimum-relationship and restricted-jurisdiction rules as Sygnum Connect. Off-exchange collateral retained at Sygnum while trading on connected venues.
Directory cites [1] — URLs are not in
data/crypto_asset_service_providers.csv.
Issuance of tokenized capital under Swiss DLT law for professional and institutional clients.
Native platform setup to originate capital from asset classes onto the blockchain.
Service Availability in Coutries. Issuance under Swiss DLT law from the Swiss bank; distribution to professional/institutional clients in authorised markets (Switzerland, Singapore, Luxembourg, ADGM/UAE). Not offered to US persons.
Requierments. Institutional issuers and qualified investors only. Swiss/Singapore/UAE licensing perimeter; full KYB/KYC, prospectus or offering-document compliance, and investor-qualification checks. US persons not accepted.
Directory cites [1] — URLs are not in
data/crypto_asset_service_providers.csv.
Bank Lombard / overdrafts against 20+ custodied tokens (BTC, ETH, SOL and others).
Crypto-backed credit lines and overdrafts in CHF, EUR, USD and SGD against BTC, ETH, SOL (including staked SOL for eligible clients), POL, XRP and 20+ other tokens held in Sygnum custody. Assets stay in the client custody account and lock automatically to the collateralisation level. Same-day assessment for existing clients.
Wallet Screening
Cross-chain Wallet
Address Verification
Graph & Forensics
Entity & Cluster Intelligence
VASP Diligence
Policy Studio
Monitoring & Alerts
Investigations & Filing
Service Availability in Coutries. Authorised in Switzerland (FINMA banking and securities-dealer licence). Sygnum also operates licensed hubs in Singapore (MAS CMS), Luxembourg and UAE ADGM (FSRA). The lending pages state products on sygnum.com are authorised in Switzerland and cannot be promoted where Sygnum is not locally authorised. US persons and sanctioned-country persons are not onboarded.
Requierments. Must already be (or become) a private qualified or institutional Sygnum client. Age 18+. Typical relationship floor around CHF 100,000 deposit or trading volume; Swiss CISA qualified-investor path commonly requires knowledge plus liquid assets of at least CHF 500,000. Enhanced KYC, source-of-wealth and source-of-funds. Mixer, high-risk P2P or sanctioned-platform history is a Swiss-bank rejection, not a remediation product. US persons excluded (SEC/CFTC). Staked SOL collateral is not accepted for residents of certain countries.
Announced MultiSYG bitcoin loans in 3-of-5 escrow with Debifi — not a live booking product until H1 2026.
MultiSYG, announced with Debifi on 24 Oct 2025 for launch in H1 2026 — fiat loans against Bitcoin held in a 3-of-5 multi-signature escrow (borrower, Sygnum and independent signers) so the client keeps shared on-chain control rather than full bank custody. Complements the live Lombard book; it is not yet a live self-serve product.
Wallet Screening
Cross-chain Wallet
Address Verification
Graph & Forensics
Entity & Cluster Intelligence
VASP Diligence
Policy Studio
Monitoring & Alerts
Investigations & Filing
Service Availability in Coutries. Licensed footprints are the same Sygnum hubs as Lombard Lending: Switzerland, Singapore, Luxembourg and UAE ADGM. Announced as available to Sygnum Bank customers on launch (H1 2026), irrespective of the client's jurisdiction, still inside Sygnum's licensing perimeter. Not a live booking product until launch. US persons and sanctioned-country persons are not onboarded.
Requierments. Requires an onboarded Sygnum banking relationship (qualified private or institutional). Same KYC/AML, source-of-wealth and restricted-jurisdiction rules as Lombard Lending. Confirm live availability with Sygnum; do not treat the announcement as an open credit offer.
AMINA Bank AG (formerly SEBA Bank)
Digital-asset bank
Not in index
Not in index
1 service · 1 name KYC / AML / sanctions
License type. Swiss FINMA banking and securities-dealer licence (2019). ADGM branch: FSRA Financial Services Permission (Feb 2022) to advise on / arrange credit and custody for Professional Clients. Hong Kong: AMINA (Hong Kong) Limited SFC Types 1, 4 and 9; Type 1 digital-asset dealing uplift for Professional Investors (Oct 2025). EU: AMINA (Austria) AG MiCA CASP licence from Austria's FMA (Oct 2025) for custody, exchange, transfer and portfolio management. Products on aminagroup.com are licensed in Switzerland unless a local hub applies.
Jurisdictions. Switzerland; UAE ADGM; Hong Kong; Austria / EEA (MiCA). Confirm the booking entity (Zug, ADGM, Hong Kong or Austria) before applying.
Crypto Adoption Score. Not in Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (Jul 2026 25-bank G-SIB / large-AUM sample). Documented live stack: FINMA bank + ADGM FSRA + Hong Kong SFC + Austria FMA MiCA CASP; custody; 24/7 trading; staking; crypto and securities-backed credit from CHF 200,000.. Not an AML score.
FINMA digital-asset bank credit: fiat or crypto loans and overdrafts against crypto and traditional collateral.
Fixed-term and roll-over loans, plus overdrafts, secured against crypto (BTC, ETH, SOL, XRP, LTC, ADA, BCH, DOT, USDC, USDT and others, including some staked coins on enquiry) or traditional assets (stocks, ETFs, funds, bonds). Payout in major fiat and selected cryptocurrencies. Minimum loan and overdraft CHF 200,000 or equivalent. Credit cards are issued by Viseca, not AMINA itself.
Wallet Screening
Cross-chain Wallet
Address Verification
Graph & Forensics
Entity & Cluster Intelligence
VASP Diligence
Policy Studio
Monitoring & Alerts
Investigations & Filing
Service Availability in Coutries. Swiss FINMA banking and securities-dealer licence (2019, then SEBA). ADGM branch: FSRA Financial Services Permission (Feb 2022) to advise on / arrange credit and custody for Professional Clients. Hong Kong: AMINA (Hong Kong) Limited SFC Types 1, 4 and 9; Type 1 digital-asset dealing uplift for Professional Investors (Oct 2025). EU: AMINA (Austria) AG MiCA CASP licence from Austria's FMA (Oct 2025) for custody, exchange, transfer and portfolio management. AMINA states products on aminagroup.com are licensed in Switzerland and are not registered outside Switzerland unless a local hub applies. UK visitors are steered to a UK-specific site.
Requierments. Bank-grade KYC/AML and sanctions screening under Swiss and local hub rules, including source-of-wealth and crypto provenance. Corporates: KYB, beneficial ownership, operating documents. Loans start from CHF 200,000 or equivalent. Professional / institutional onboarding at ADGM, Hong Kong and the Austrian CASP. Confirm the booking entity (Zug, ADGM, Hong Kong or Austria) before applying — LTV is set per asset and client, not as a public chainscore.net quote.
2 entities · 3 services
Arab Bank (Switzerland) Ltd.
Private-bank / arranged Lombard
Not in index
Not in index
2 services · 2 name KYC / AML / sanctions
License type. Arab Bank (Switzerland) Ltd., FINMA banking and securities-business licence. The group has an in-principle ADGM advisory licence (not a live lending booking centre).
Jurisdictions. Switzerland: Geneva head office and Zurich branch. Digital-asset lending is a Swiss private-banking product. ADGM is not a live lending booking centre.
Crypto Adoption Score. Not in Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (Jul 2026 25-bank G-SIB / large-AUM sample). Documented live stack: FINMA private bank; on-premise Taurus-PROTECT custody; trading; staking; BTC/ETH Lombard (published LTV ceiling 40%).. Not an AML score.
FINMA private-bank Lombard against BTC/ETH in segregated Taurus-PROTECT custody.
Fiat liquidity against Bitcoin or Ethereum held in the client's segregated, off-balance-sheet custody account. Published loan-to-value up to 40%. The bank describes the use case as real-estate acquisition or portfolio diversification inside a FINMA private-banking relationship — structured Lombard credit, not a crypto-native cash-advance desk.
Wallet Screening
Cross-chain Wallet
Address Verification
Graph & Forensics
Entity & Cluster Intelligence
VASP Diligence
Policy Studio
Monitoring & Alerts
Investigations & Filing
Service Availability in Coutries. Switzerland: Arab Bank (Switzerland) Ltd., FINMA banking and securities-business licence, Geneva head office (Place de Longemalle 10-12) and Zurich branch (Uraniastrasse 14). Digital-asset lending is a Swiss private-banking product. The group has an in-principle ADGM advisory licence (not a live lending booking centre) and a Lebanon banking subsidiary that is not this crypto-loan book. Pages on arabbank.ch are not an offer in every jurisdiction — confirm nationality and residence with the bank before applying.
Requierments. Must already be, or become, a private-banking or institutional client of Arab Bank (Switzerland) Ltd. FINMA bank KYC/AML and sanctions screening, plus source-of-wealth and source-of-funds on how the crypto was acquired. The bank names entrepreneurs, miners, long-term holders, traders, family offices, foundations and institutions as the digital-assets clientele. Collateral is Bitcoin or Ethereum in Taurus-PROTECT on-premise custody (FIPS Level 3; ISAE 3402 Type II on key generation and key management), fully segregated per client and held off-balance sheet. No public self-serve minimum or APR — LTV and size are set by the desk (published LTV ceiling 40%). Mixer, high-risk P2P or sanctioned-platform history is a Swiss-bank rejection, not a remediation product.
On-premise Taurus-PROTECT safekeeping, app/mandate trading, staking and NFT custody for private-bank clients.
On-premise Taurus-PROTECT safekeeping of digital assets (Bitcoin, Ether, Solana, Aave, Chainlink, Uniswap and other Layer-1 / ERC-20 tokens, plus NFT custody). Assets are fully segregated per client and held off-balance sheet. Trading on the banking app or via discretionary mandate; staking on Ethereum, Solana, Tezos and Polkadot. The Diamond Hands Fund (ABS with XBTO) is a separate Bitcoin yield overlay, not the loan book.
Wallet Screening
Cross-chain Wallet
Address Verification
Entity & Cluster Intelligence
VASP Diligence
Monitoring & Alerts
Investigations & Filing
Service Availability in Coutries. Same Swiss FINMA private-bank perimeter as Crypto-Backed Loans (Geneva and Zurich). Not a retail self-custody wallet. Confirm booking and promotion limits with the bank.
Requierments. Existing or new private-banking / institutional relationship. Full FINMA KYC/AML, sanctions screening and source-of-wealth. Not a public app onboarding flow. Custody certifications published by the bank: FIPS Level 3 and ISAE 3402 Type II for key generation and key management.
Mt Pelerin Group Ltd
Private-bank / arranged Lombard
Not in index
Not in index
1 service · 1 name KYC / AML / sanctions
License type. SO-FIT affiliated arranger (not a FINMA bank, not a MiCA CASP). Mt Pelerin Group Ltd is affiliated with SO-FIT as a financial intermediary under AMLA art. 2 para. 3; SO-FIT is a FINMA-recognised SRO.
Jurisdictions. Arranged in Switzerland. Not available to US or Russian persons; not to residents of the exclusion list on the official lombard page. Brokerage services are not marketed to EU or UK residents except reverse solicitation.
Crypto Adoption Score. Not in Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (Jul 2026 25-bank G-SIB / large-AUM sample). Documented live stack: SO-FIT AMLA intermediary (not a FINMA bank, not a MiCA CASP); OTC crypto-fiat brokerage and arranged Swiss-bank Lombard against native BTC/ETH.. Not an AML score.
SO-FIT arranger of Swiss-bank Lombard against native BTC/ETH; OTC crypto-fiat on/off-ramp (not a bank).
SO-FIT affiliated arranger (not a FINMA bank, not a MiCA CASP). Fiat loans in USD, EUR or CHF against native Bitcoin or Ether, arranged with partner Swiss banks. Published terms: minimum loan $200,000; LTV up to 20% (example: $1m loan requires $5m of BTC/ETH); base fee 3% plus the currency interest rate; flexible duration. Collateral sits in segregated wallets at the partner Swiss bank.
Wallet Screening
Cross-chain Wallet
Address Verification
Graph & Forensics
Entity & Cluster Intelligence
VASP Diligence
Policy Studio
Monitoring & Alerts
Investigations & Filing
Service Availability in Coutries. Arranged in Switzerland. Mt Pelerin Group Ltd (CHE-188.552.084, Neuchâtel) is affiliated with SO-FIT as a financial intermediary under AMLA art. 2 para. 3; SO-FIT is a FINMA-recognised SRO. It does not hold a Swiss banking licence and is not a MiCA Crypto-Asset Service Provider. Official lombard page: not available to US or Russian persons; not to residents of Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Belarus, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Cuba, DRC, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Libya, Mainland China (Hong Kong and Taiwan accepted), Mali, Myanmar, Nicaragua, Niger, North Korea, Russia, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, Syria, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Yemen or Zimbabwe. Brokerage services are not marketed to EU or UK residents except reverse solicitation.
Requierments. Register with Mt Pelerin, pass KYC and document the origin of the crypto funds. Corporates may apply. Native BTC or ETH only — wrapped or staked ETH and stablecoins are not accepted as collateral. Loan is repaid in the borrowed fiat (USD, EUR or CHF), not in crypto. Confirm live bank-partner terms with Mt Pelerin; older press quotes of 40% LTV or $50k minima are superseded by the current official page ($200,000 / 20% LTV). Mixer, OFAC or high-risk history is a rejection at the custody bank, not a wash path.
3 entities · 3 services
Arch Lending (ChainFi, Inc.)
Crypto-native lender
Not in index
Not in index
1 service · 1 name KYC / AML / sanctions
License type. ChainFi, Inc. dba Arch Lending, NMLS #2637200. Not a bank. Collateral custodied at Anchorage Digital (OCC-chartered national trust bank).
Jurisdictions. United States (44 states/territories; California not currently supported). International entities supported where permitted.
Crypto Adoption Score. Not in Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (Jul 2026 25-bank G-SIB / large-AUM sample). Documented live stack: US NMLS lender (not a bank); BTC/ETH/SOL/XRP-backed loans; collateral at Anchorage Digital; no credit check.. Not an AML score.
US NMLS crypto-backed loans (USD/USDC) against BTC, ETH, SOL and XRP; Anchorage Digital custody.
USD, USDC (wallet), wire or ACH loans against BTC, ETH, SOL and XRP. Collateral held in segregated cold storage at Anchorage Digital (OCC-chartered national trust bank) with published no-rehypothecation and Lloyd's of London insurance through Anchorage. Starting LTV published as BTC 60% / ETH 55% / SOL and XRP 45%, with margin-call and partial-liquidation levels above that. Terms 1–12 months; published Bitcoin-backed rates from about 7% depending on size. Default minimum about $5,000 (varies by collateral and state). No credit check.
Wallet Screening
Cross-chain Wallet
Address Verification
Graph & Forensics
Entity & Cluster Intelligence
VASP Diligence
Policy Studio
Monitoring & Alerts
Investigations & Filing
Service Availability in Coutries. ChainFi, Inc. dba Arch Lending, NMLS #2637200, 595 Broadway, New York. Individuals: 44 US states/territories (AK AL AR AZ CO CT DC FL GA HI IA ID IL IN KS KY LA MA MD ME MI MN MO NC NE NH NJ NM NY OH OK OR PA PR SC SD TN TX UT VA WA WI WV WY); California not currently supported. Businesses/trusts: a similar 44-jurisdiction list (includes DE, MS, NV; excludes CA). International entities supported where permitted — ask Arch. Not a bank.
Requierments. KYC for individuals: government-issued ID; proof of address (utility bill or bank statement dated within 6 months) when requested. Businesses: KYB after personal KYC — articles of incorporation, EIN, letter of authority (LLC). Terms of Service collect name, address, DOB, SSN/TIN and consent to share identity data with Anchorage and BitGo for KYC/AML. Borrower and beneficial owners must not be OFAC-sanctioned. Arch's AML page describes blockchain analysis and transaction monitoring; it does not publish a mixer-washing path. Collateral must be sent to the Anchorage deposit address within 24 hours of signing.
Ledn
Crypto-native lender
Not in index
Not in index
1 service · 1 name KYC / AML / sanctions
License type. Ledn Cayman SEZC Inc. is regulated as a VASP by the Cayman Islands Monetary Authority (CIMA) for lending products other than Growth accounts.
Jurisdictions. Dollar loans offered globally but blocked in listed jurisdictions. US states currently unsupported: California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Nevada, North Dakota, South Dakota, Tennessee, Washington, and Washington D.C. Canadian provinces currently unsupported: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan, Quebec.
Crypto Adoption Score. Not in Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (Jul 2026 25-bank G-SIB / large-AUM sample). Documented live stack: CIMA-registered VASP (Ledn Cayman SEZC Inc.) for lending other than Growth accounts; bitcoin-backed loans with published proof-of-reserve attestations.. Not an AML score.
CIMA-regulated bitcoin-backed (and limited ETH) loans with published proof-of-reserve attestations.
USD, local-fiat or stablecoin loans typically issued at 50% LTV against Bitcoin collateral (ETH-backed loans exist but are not eligible for renewal). Published APR tiers from about 11.4% below $250,000 to about 9.2% at $2,000,000+ (platform terms govern). 2% administration fee at origination, waived for clients in Canada and the United States. Collateral is custodied and not re-lent; Ledn publishes regular third-party proof-of-reserve attestations. Identity verification applies; no traditional credit check.
Wallet Screening
Cross-chain Wallet
Address Verification
Graph & Forensics
Entity & Cluster Intelligence
VASP Diligence
Policy Studio
Monitoring & Alerts
Investigations & Filing
Service Availability in Coutries. Ledn Cayman SEZC Inc. is regulated as a VASP by the Cayman Islands Monetary Authority (CIMA) for lending products other than Growth accounts. Dollar loans are offered globally but blocked in listed jurisdictions. US states currently unsupported: California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Nevada, North Dakota, South Dakota, Tennessee, Washington, and Washington D.C. Canadian provinces currently unsupported: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan, Quebec. Some eligible locations require a minimum principal or confirmation of commercial purpose. Check Ledn's eligibility page before applying.
Requierments. KYC is mandatory before any product: government-issued photo ID (passport, national ID or driver's licence) and proof of address dated within the last three months (utility bill, bank statement or tax document). Source-of-wealth / source-of-funds may be requested for assets on the platform. Corporates complete KYB (registration documents plus authorised-signatory identity). Wires must come from a bank account in the same legal name. Restricted jurisdictions cannot be onboarded.
Unchained Capital, Inc.
Crypto-native lender
Not in index
Not in index
1 service · 1 name KYC / AML / sanctions
License type. Loans originated by Unchained Capital, Inc. (NMLS 1900773) or B&C Lending LLC (NMLS 2656661), serviced by Bitcoin Collateral Services LLC (NMLS 2423070). Not a bank. California commercial loans may be made under DFPI Financing Law Licence No. 60DBO-78867.
Jurisdictions. US business entities only (no international accounts; not originated to individuals or sole proprietorships). Commercial loans not available in Louisiana, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, South Dakota, or Puerto Rico. Vermont only above $1,000,000.
Crypto Adoption Score. Not in Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (Jul 2026 25-bank G-SIB / large-AUM sample). Documented live stack: US commercial bitcoin-only loans; 2-of-3 multisig collateral (borrower, Unchained, independent key agent); not a bank.. Not an AML score.
US commercial bitcoin-only loans in a 2-of-3 multisig vault the borrower can verify on-chain.
Commercial bitcoin-backed loans with a published $150,000 minimum and 12-payment interest-only terms. Collateral sits in a 2-of-3 multi-signature address (borrower, Unchained, independent key agent) inside the UC Secured Assets Trust; Unchained does not rehypothecate loan bitcoin and the borrower can verify the UTXO on a hardware wallet. Bitcoin only — no other collateral. Origination fees are deducted from principal. Unchained is not a bank; loans originated by Unchained Capital, Inc. (NMLS 1900773) or B&C Lending LLC (NMLS 2656661), serviced by Bitcoin Collateral Services LLC (NMLS 2423070).
Wallet Screening
Cross-chain Wallet
Address Verification
Graph & Forensics
Entity & Cluster Intelligence
VASP Diligence
Policy Studio
Monitoring & Alerts
Investigations & Filing
Service Availability in Coutries. US business entities only (US address required; no international accounts). Not originated to individuals or sole proprietorships; LLCs and corporations with a stated business/investment purpose are eligible, including single-member LLCs. Commercial loans not available in Louisiana, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, South Dakota, or Puerto Rico. Vermont only above $1,000,000. California commercial loans may be made under DFPI Financing Law Licence No. 60DBO-78867. Availability is stated as subject to change.
Requierments. KYC/KYB on the borrowing entity. Approved Unchained business account, a key uploaded to that account, a linked business bank account, and an eligible state. Entity documents (articles/operating agreement/certificate of formation) plus proof of business address. Individuals with greater than 20% equity: full legal name, address, email, phone and photo ID. UCC screening disclosure on application. Use-of-funds must be a legitimate business purpose. Confirm current terms on Unchained's pricing and legal pages — they are not a chainscore.net quote.
This directory quotes the CSV schema: entity, crypto entity type, license type,
jurisdictions, service, availability, requirements, specialty / focus,
and crypto adoption score. Logo is shown on the entity, not as a
separate column. The four crypto entity types group every named house:
traditional bank / broker, digital-asset bank, private-bank / arranged
Lombard, and crypto-native lender. License type and jurisdictions are
the house’s published booking licence and authorised footprint, quoted
from the same CSV — not a live register lookup and not an invented
substitute. Availability and requirements are the CSV cells
(including the Coutries / Requierments header spellings). Specialty / focus
is the published product line for that row. Crypto adoption score quotes
Strategy’s Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index where the house is in that July 2026
25-bank sample (public information as of 10 Jul 2026; approximate; Strategy
has not published the scoring methodology). Houses outside that sample are
marked not in index, with the live stack documented in the cell — chainscore.net
does not invent a substitute percentage. Neither figure is an AML score.
Insight modules on the cards above are chainscore.net’s inverted map for that
service line — not a list the provider published. Onboarding rules are
quoted from data/crypto_asset_service_providers.csv and are not re-fetched live.
Footnote markers in the directory are shown as unresolved citations because the CSV does not carry source URLs.
Directory overlay · sourced metrics
Major commercial banks, investment banks, and institutional lenders
appear on two official central-bank lists for real-world-asset
tokenisation: MAS Project Guardian in Singapore and HKMA Project
Ensemble / EnsembleTX in Hong Kong. This is a metrics overlay next to
the 28-entity CASP directory.
It does not add rows to
data/crypto_asset_service_providers.csv.
Sandbox or Industry Group membership is not a directory field.
🇸🇬 Singapore
Monetary Authority of Singapore
Industry Group on asset tokenisation. MAS publishes the current members. The June 2024 annex assigns workstreams (FX, fixed income, asset and wealth management) to named firms.
🇭🇰 Hong Kong
Hong Kong Monetary Authority
Pilot announced 13 November 2025 for real-value tokenised deposits and digital assets, running through 2026. Initial focus: tokenised deposits in tokenised money-market-fund transactions, and real-time liquidity and treasury. Interbank settlement starts on the HKD RTGS system. Annex A names seven Tokenised Deposit Banks.
🇸🇬 10 named
Industry Group on asset tokenisation. MAS publishes the current members. The June 2024 annex assigns workstreams (FX, fixed income, asset and wealth management) to named firms.
FX and fixed income. 2024 annex: native issuance of digital bonds financed with a repo facility; buying, selling, and secured borrowing and lending of tokenised bonds and deposits.
Official names 1, 2 · Project Guardian
FX. 2024 annex: cross-border FX settlement.
Official names 1, 2 · Project Guardian
Named on the official Project Guardian Industry Group list. MAS has not assigned a public workstream line for UOB on the 2024 annex excerpt used here.
Official names 1 · Project Guardian
FX and fixed income. 2024 annex: buying, selling, and secured borrowing and lending of tokenised bonds and deposits. Kinexys publishes a Project Guardian page.
Official names 1, 2, 6 · Project Guardian
FX, fixed income, asset and wealth management. 2024 annex: price and execute trades on-chain; digital money-market fund and FX swap solution.
Official names 1, 2 · Project Guardian
Asset and wealth management. 2024 annex: aggregation of investment servicing for asset and wealth managers launching tokenised or digital funds. Confirmed by the bank's 14 May 2024 release.
Official names 1, 2, 7 · Project Guardian
Project Guardian Industry Group member. EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank: provide tokenised deposits to Hong Kong customers and settle interbank tokenised-deposit transactions via EnsembleTX in a real-value setting.
Official names 1, 4, 5 · Project Guardian & Project Ensemble / EnsembleTX
Project Guardian Industry Group member (Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation). EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank. HSBC has published a first live cross-bank EnsembleTX transaction.
Official names 1, 4, 5, 8 · Project Guardian & Project Ensemble / EnsembleTX
Project Guardian Industry Group member. 2024 annex: FX — cross-border FX settlement. Listed here because the house is already a CASP directory entity.
Official names 1, 2 · Project Guardian
Project Guardian Industry Group member. Listed here because the house is already a CASP directory entity. Membership is not a directory field.
Official names 1 · Project Guardian
🇭🇰 7 named
Pilot announced 13 November 2025 for real-value tokenised deposits and digital assets, running through 2026. Initial focus: tokenised deposits in tokenised money-market-fund transactions, and real-time liquidity and treasury. Interbank settlement starts on the HKD RTGS system. Annex A names seven Tokenised Deposit Banks.
Project Guardian Industry Group member. EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank: provide tokenised deposits to Hong Kong customers and settle interbank tokenised-deposit transactions via EnsembleTX in a real-value setting.
Official names 1, 4, 5 · Project Guardian & Project Ensemble / EnsembleTX
Project Guardian Industry Group member (Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation). EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank. HSBC has published a first live cross-bank EnsembleTX transaction.
Official names 1, 4, 5, 8 · Project Guardian & Project Ensemble / EnsembleTX
EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank: tokenised deposits for Hong Kong customers and interbank settlement via EnsembleTX.
Official names 4, 5 · Project Ensemble / EnsembleTX
EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank: tokenised deposits for Hong Kong customers and interbank settlement via EnsembleTX.
Official names 4, 5 · Project Ensemble / EnsembleTX
EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank. Named on the official 13 November 2025 annex; not in the marketing list that omitted it.
Official names 4, 5 · Project Ensemble / EnsembleTX
EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank. Named on the official 13 November 2025 annex; not in the marketing list that omitted it.
Official names 4, 5 · Project Ensemble / EnsembleTX
EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank. Named on the official 13 November 2025 annex; not in the marketing list that omitted it.
Official names 4, 5 · Project Ensemble / EnsembleTX
📋 15 named
Exact directory names only. Sandbox or Industry Group membership is not a directory field — it is recorded on the house card, not as a substitute licence.
FX and fixed income. 2024 annex: native issuance of digital bonds financed with a repo facility; buying, selling, and secured borrowing and lending of tokenised bonds and deposits.
Official names 1, 2 · Project Guardian
FX. 2024 annex: cross-border FX settlement.
Official names 1, 2 · Project Guardian
Named on the official Project Guardian Industry Group list. MAS has not assigned a public workstream line for UOB on the 2024 annex excerpt used here.
Official names 1 · Project Guardian
FX and fixed income. 2024 annex: buying, selling, and secured borrowing and lending of tokenised bonds and deposits. Kinexys publishes a Project Guardian page.
Official names 1, 2, 6 · Project Guardian
FX, fixed income, asset and wealth management. 2024 annex: price and execute trades on-chain; digital money-market fund and FX swap solution.
Official names 1, 2 · Project Guardian
Asset and wealth management. 2024 annex: aggregation of investment servicing for asset and wealth managers launching tokenised or digital funds. Confirmed by the bank's 14 May 2024 release.
Official names 1, 2, 7 · Project Guardian
Project Guardian Industry Group member. EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank: provide tokenised deposits to Hong Kong customers and settle interbank tokenised-deposit transactions via EnsembleTX in a real-value setting.
Official names 1, 4, 5 · Project Guardian & Project Ensemble / EnsembleTX
Project Guardian Industry Group member (Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation). EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank. HSBC has published a first live cross-bank EnsembleTX transaction.
Official names 1, 4, 5, 8 · Project Guardian & Project Ensemble / EnsembleTX
EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank: tokenised deposits for Hong Kong customers and interbank settlement via EnsembleTX.
Official names 4, 5 · Project Ensemble / EnsembleTX
EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank: tokenised deposits for Hong Kong customers and interbank settlement via EnsembleTX.
Official names 4, 5 · Project Ensemble / EnsembleTX
EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank. Named on the official 13 November 2025 annex; not in the marketing list that omitted it.
Official names 4, 5 · Project Ensemble / EnsembleTX
EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank. Named on the official 13 November 2025 annex; not in the marketing list that omitted it.
Official names 4, 5 · Project Ensemble / EnsembleTX
EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank. Named on the official 13 November 2025 annex; not in the marketing list that omitted it.
Official names 4, 5 · Project Ensemble / EnsembleTX
Project Guardian Industry Group member. 2024 annex: FX — cross-border FX settlement. Listed here because the house is already a CASP directory entity.
Official names 1, 2 · Project Guardian
Project Guardian Industry Group member. Listed here because the house is already a CASP directory entity. Membership is not a directory field.
Official names 1 · Project Guardian
Banking infrastructure matrix
Region, published tokenisation focus, associated sandbox, and whether the house is one of the 28 CASP directory entities. Focus lines are quoted from official annexes and bank pages, not from secondary blogs.
| Bank / institution | Core region | Primary tokenisation focus | Associated sandbox | Crypto Adoption Score | In CASP directory |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DBS Bank DBS | Singapore | FX and fixed income. 2024 annex: native issuance of digital bonds financed with a repo facility; buying, selling, and secured borrowing and lending of tokenised bonds and deposits. | Project Guardian | Not in index | Yes · DBS Bank |
| OCBC Bank OCBC Singapore | Singapore | FX. 2024 annex: cross-border FX settlement. | Project Guardian | Not in index | Yes · OCBC Bank |
| United Overseas Bank (UOB) United Overseas Bank Limited | Singapore | Named on the official Project Guardian Industry Group list. MAS has not assigned a public workstream line for UOB on the 2024 annex excerpt used here. | Project Guardian | Not in index | Yes · United Overseas Bank (UOB) |
| J.P. Morgan (Kinexys) J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. | Singapore | FX and fixed income. 2024 annex: buying, selling, and secured borrowing and lending of tokenised bonds and deposits. Kinexys publishes a Project Guardian page. | Project Guardian | 43% | Yes · JPMorgan Chase |
| Citi Citi | Singapore | FX, fixed income, asset and wealth management. 2024 annex: price and execute trades on-chain; digital money-market fund and FX swap solution. | Project Guardian | 43% | Yes · Citigroup |
| Deutsche Bank Deutsche Bank | Singapore | Asset and wealth management. 2024 annex: aggregation of investment servicing for asset and wealth managers launching tokenised or digital funds. Confirmed by the bank's 14 May 2024 release. | Project Guardian | 22% | Yes · Deutsche Bank |
| Standard Chartered Standard Chartered / Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong) Limited | Singapore / Hong Kong | Project Guardian Industry Group member. EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank: provide tokenised deposits to Hong Kong customers and settle interbank tokenised-deposit transactions via EnsembleTX in a real-value setting. | Project Guardian & Project Ensemble / EnsembleTX | 28% | Yes · Standard Chartered |
| HSBC The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited | Singapore / Hong Kong | Project Guardian Industry Group member (Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation). EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank. HSBC has published a first live cross-bank EnsembleTX transaction. | Project Guardian & Project Ensemble / EnsembleTX | 30% | Yes · HSBC |
| Bank of East Asia (BEA) The Bank of East Asia, Limited | Hong Kong | EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank: tokenised deposits for Hong Kong customers and interbank settlement via EnsembleTX. | Project Ensemble / EnsembleTX | Not in index | Yes · Bank of East Asia (BEA) |
| Fubon Bank (Hong Kong) Fubon Bank (Hong Kong) Limited | Hong Kong | EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank: tokenised deposits for Hong Kong customers and interbank settlement via EnsembleTX. | Project Ensemble / EnsembleTX | Not in index | Yes · Fubon Bank (Hong Kong) |
| Bank of China (Hong Kong) Bank of China (Hong Kong) Limited | Hong Kong | EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank. Named on the official 13 November 2025 annex; not in the marketing list that omitted it. | Project Ensemble / EnsembleTX | Not in index | Yes · Bank of China (Hong Kong) |
| China Construction Bank (Asia) China Construction Bank (Asia) Corporation Limited | Hong Kong | EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank. Named on the official 13 November 2025 annex; not in the marketing list that omitted it. | Project Ensemble / EnsembleTX | Not in index | Yes · China Construction Bank (Asia) |
| Fusion Bank Fusion Bank Limited | Hong Kong | EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank. Named on the official 13 November 2025 annex; not in the marketing list that omitted it. | Project Ensemble / EnsembleTX | Not in index | Yes · Fusion Bank |
| BNY Mellon BNY Mellon | Singapore | Project Guardian Industry Group member. 2024 annex: FX — cross-border FX settlement. Listed here because the house is already a CASP directory entity. | Project Guardian | 46% | Yes · BNY Mellon |
| Fidelity Fidelity | Singapore | Project Guardian Industry Group member. Listed here because the house is already a CASP directory entity. Membership is not a directory field. | Project Guardian | 71% | Yes · Fidelity Investments |
Crypto Adoption Matrix
There is no standardized, industry-wide metric officially called a Crypto Adoption Score for individual commercial banks. The directory field of that name quotes Strategy’s Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (July 2026 25-bank sample) for CASP directory entities only. chainscore.net does not invent a Tier 1–5 Adoption Matrix. Sandbox participation and live directory services are listed as facts, not as a ranking.
| Bank | Core hub | Crypto Adoption Score | Official participation | Primary published focus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DBS Bank DBS Bank | Singapore | Not in index Not in Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (Jul 2026 25-bank G-SIB / large-AUM sample). Documented live stack: MAS-licensed bank; DDEx MAS RMO (DPT pairs SGD/USD/HKD/JPY; BTC ETH BCH DOT ADA XRP USDC); DBS Digital Custody; Project Guardian digital bonds / tokenised deposits; Swift SGD tokenised-deposit pilot with OCBC and UOB (10 Sep 2026). Not an AML score. | Project Guardian · CASP directory · DBS Bank |
FX and fixed income. 2024 annex: native issuance of digital bonds financed with a repo facility; buying, selling, and secured borrowing and lending of tokenised bonds and deposits.
|
| J.P. Morgan (Kinexys) JPMorgan Chase | Singapore | 43% 43% · Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (public information as of 10 Jul 2026; approximate; Strategy has not published the scoring methodology). Not an AML score. | Project Guardian · CASP directory · JPMorgan Chase |
FX and fixed income. 2024 annex: buying, selling, and secured borrowing and lending of tokenised bonds and deposits. Kinexys publishes a Project Guardian page.
|
| United Overseas Bank (UOB) United Overseas Bank (UOB) | Singapore | Not in index Not in Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (Jul 2026 25-bank G-SIB / large-AUM sample). Documented live stack: MAS-licensed bank; Project Guardian Industry Group; Guardian Wholesale Network (MAS); HSBC/Marketnode/UOB wealth-product pilot; Swift SGD tokenised deposits with DBS and OCBC (10 Sep 2026). Not an AML score. | Project Guardian · CASP directory · United Overseas Bank (UOB) |
Named on the official Project Guardian Industry Group list. MAS has not assigned a public workstream line for UOB on the 2024 annex excerpt used here.
|
| OCBC Bank OCBC Bank | Singapore | Not in index Not in Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (Jul 2026 25-bank G-SIB / large-AUM sample). Documented live stack: MAS-licensed bank; Project Guardian FX settlement; commercial bespoke tokenised bonds for corporate AIs (6 Jan 2025); GOLDX tokenised gold fund with Lion Global and DigiFT (20 Apr 2026); Swift SGD tokenised deposits with DBS and UOB (10 Sep 2026). Not an AML score. | Project Guardian · CASP directory · OCBC Bank |
FX. 2024 annex: cross-border FX settlement.
|
| HSBC HSBC | Singapore / Hong Kong | 30% 30% · Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (public information as of 10 Jul 2026; approximate; Strategy has not published the scoring methodology). Not an AML score. | Project Guardian · Project Ensemble / EnsembleTX · CASP directory · HSBC |
Project Guardian Industry Group member (Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation). EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank. HSBC has published a first live cross-bank EnsembleTX transaction.
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| Standard Chartered Standard Chartered | Singapore / Hong Kong | 28% 28% · Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (public information as of 10 Jul 2026; approximate; Strategy has not published the scoring methodology). Not an AML score. | Project Guardian · Project Ensemble / EnsembleTX · CASP directory · Standard Chartered |
Project Guardian Industry Group member. EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank: provide tokenised deposits to Hong Kong customers and settle interbank tokenised-deposit transactions via EnsembleTX in a real-value setting.
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| Bank of East Asia (BEA) Bank of East Asia (BEA) | Hong Kong | Not in index Not in Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index (Jul 2026 25-bank G-SIB / large-AUM sample). Documented live stack: HKMA authorized institution; EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank. Not an AML score. | Project Ensemble / EnsembleTX · CASP directory · Bank of East Asia (BEA) |
EnsembleTX Annex A Tokenised Deposit Bank: tokenised deposits for Hong Kong customers and interbank settlement via EnsembleTX.
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Crypto-native licensed bank · directory entity
Singapore / Switzerland · Digital-asset bank · Crypto Adoption Score Not in index
Directory digital-asset bank with a Singapore booking. The quoted MAS permission is a Capital Markets Services licence, not a Major Payment Institution licence. Sygnum is not on the official Project Guardian Industry Group list or HKMA EnsembleTX Annex A used here. The house is not in the Strategy Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index sample the directory quotes.
License type (quoted). FINMA banking and securities-dealer licence; MAS Capital Markets Services licence; Luxembourg; UAE ADGM FSRA Financial Services Permission.
Jurisdictions (quoted). Switzerland, Singapore, Luxembourg, UAE ADGM. Does not onboard US persons or sanctioned-country persons. Cannot promote services where it is not locally authorised. Lending pages: products on sygnum.com are authorised in Switzerland.
There is no standardized, industry-wide metric officially called a Crypto Adoption Score for individual commercial banks. The directory field of that name quotes Strategy’s Bitcoin Bank Adoption Index for CASP directory entities only. chainscore.net does not invent a Tier 1–5 Adoption Matrix or a substitute percentage. chainscore.net is not a Project Guardian participant and is not a Project Ensemble or EnsembleTX participant. This overlay does not open institutional custody accounts, does not underwrite tokenised real-estate credit, and does not state onboarding criteria for either sandbox. Houses without a directory name are not CASP directory entities. Delin Holdings, Fraxtor, and Anchorpoint are not on the official MAS Industry Group page or the HKMA EnsembleTX Annex A / Annex B used here, so they are not listed. Google Knowledge Graph search URLs, KuCoin flash notes, and third-party “adoption” write-ups are not sources for a score. chainscore.net does not file into either sandbox and does not state which network a reader should join.
Industry terms
Glossary
28 terms named in the Crypto-Asset Service Provider directory. Definitions are industry language, not scores — KYC first, then denser words the CSV actually uses.
Providers collect ID documents (passport, national ID) and sometimes a live selfie to verify your identity before opening an account.
Banks and Crypto-Asset Service Providers screen customers and transactions for money-laundering risk. You may be asked for documents or extra questions during onboarding.
Providers compare your name and country against international sanctions lists. Sanctioned persons or jurisdictions are refused.
Source of funds explains a specific deposit; source of wealth explains how you built your assets overall (salary, business, inheritance). Common for private banks.
For company clients, banks must identify the real people behind the legal entity (usually anyone with significant ownership or control).
Like KYC, but for companies: incorporation docs, directors, and who owns the firm.
A regulatory label for individuals or entities that meet income or net-worth tests and may buy certain private placements that ordinary retail cannot.
Used for certain private funds. Individuals often need about $5M in investments; institutions often need about $25M.
Rules vary by market (e.g. Swiss CISA qualified investor). Usually needs investment knowledge and/or a high liquid-assets threshold.
An RIA is a firm registered to give investment advice. Many institutional crypto custody products are built for RIAs, funds, and similar intermediaries.
OECD rules so providers collect and share crypto tax information with tax authorities, similar in spirit to CRS for traditional finance.
You may need a tax self-certification so the provider can report account details to the right tax authority.
EU rulebook for crypto-asset service providers and some tokens (including e-money tokens). Authorisation in one EU state can be passported to others.
The Swiss supervisor for banks and many financial intermediaries. A FINMA banking licence is what the directory quotes for Swiss digital-asset banks — not a chainscore.net grade.
State lending licences in the United States are often quoted as an NMLS number. That is a licence identifier, not an AML score.
On this site a Crypto-Asset Service Provider is a named house in the directory CSV. In the EU the same words are also a MiCA authorisation. Listing here is directory coverage, not a claim that every house holds a MiCA licence.
Used in FATF travel-rule and AML guidance. It overlaps with Crypto-Asset Service Provider, but VASP is not itself a MiCA licence.
Electronic-money tokens aim to keep a stable value versus a fiat currency and follow extra issuer rules under MiCA.
Often backed by cash or short Treasuries. Product access and mint/redeem rules depend on the issuer and your account type.
You buy shares on a stock exchange instead of holding coins in a wallet. Spot products hold the underlying; some ETPs use other structures and can be higher risk.
Balances stay with the provider’s custody partner. You typically cannot send crypto to a personal wallet at launch.
A custodian (often a bank or trust company) holds assets on your behalf. “Qualified custodian” is a regulated status used in advisory / fund contexts.
The lender takes a charge over the collateral rather than selling it. Each house sets its own eligible assets and limits; chainscore.net does not invent a loan-to-value.
A cap set by the lender, often as a percentage of the collateral’s value. The directory may name LTV as a published gate; it is not a chainscore.net score.
Distributed ledger technology (DLT) records ownership on a shared ledger. Tokenized funds or deposits are usually institutional and relationship-based.
FDIC covers eligible bank deposits; SIPC covers certain brokerage assets if a firm fails. Crypto balances are typically outside both — providers say this plainly in their rules.
For security and compliance, some issuers only allow transfers to addresses they have reviewed and approved.
Often limited to accredited investors or qualified purchasers, with higher risk and less liquidity than public funds.
Matched against the live directory CSV, the same book as the eligibility questionnaire. Country labels are skipped. chainscore.net does not invent a licence or a loan-to-value for a house that did not publish one.